Fong Law Group

Should Seniors Who Lose Their Job During the Coronavirus Pandemic Claim Social Security Benefits Early?

In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, unemployment is skyrocketing. Seniors who lose their jobs may be tempted to claim Social Security benefits early, but should they, given the resulting reduction in future benefits? The answer depends on your situation, but you may be able to claim and not sacrifice much in terms of future benefits.  

While you can claim Social Security benefits as early as age 62, the better financial decision is usually to wait to take benefits as long as you are able. If you take Social Security between age 62 and your full retirement age, your benefits will be permanently reduced to account for the longer period you will be paid. Individuals who file at age 62 this year will receive 72 percent of their full benefit. On the other hand, if you delay taking retirement beyond your full retirement age, depending on when you were born, your benefit will increase by 6 to 8 percent for every year that you delay, in addition to any cost of living increases. This extra income could be very welcome, especially if you live into your 80s or beyond.

Unfortunately, many seniors who lose their job due to the coronavirus pandemic may find it necessary to apply for benefits early, potentially losing hundreds of thousands in future benefits. Before rushing to apply for early retirement benefits, you should consider all of your options. If you are lucky enough to have substantial savings, it may make sense to spend your savings rather than take benefits early. You may also be able to apply for unemployment benefits to allow you to further delay taking benefits. 

If you do not have any savings or unemployment benefits to fall back on, your only option may be to claim benefits. However, if you do claim early and then go back to work, you may have the ability to increase those benefits. If you are able to stop the benefits within 12 months of starting, you can withdraw the application, repay the benefits collected, and then still be eligible for the higher benefit amount at full retirement age or older. It is essentially a one-year interest-free loan.

If you take benefits early but are not able to stop the benefits within 12 months of starting, you can still suspend your benefits in order to earn higher benefits. For example, if you start collecting at age 62 but no longer need the income once you reach your full retirement age, you could suspend benefits until age 70. You won't get a complete do-over, but between your full retirement age and 70 you would earn delayed retirement credits, which would increase your ultimate benefit amount when you collect at age 70. 

Whatever you decide, consider all of your options carefully and talk things over with your attorney before making any rash decisions. 

For a New York Times article about taking benefits early, click here.

Free Tax Preparation Help Is Available to Seniors

Seniors and retirees should know that they may be able to use online tax preparation software free of charge. Most low- and middle-income Americans qualify for the free help, but do not take advantage of it. And all seniors are eligible for free counseling assistance from the IRS.

The tax preparation software industry has had a decades-long deal with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to make free versions of its software available to low- and middle-income individuals. However, a report by ProPublica in April 2019 revealed that the software companies were making it difficult for customers to find the free tax filing software, including going so far as to hide it from a Google search. According to the IRS’s Taxpayer Advocate Service, around 70 percent of taxpayers qualified for free filing, but only 1.6 percent used the free software in 2018. The IRS has now amended its agreement with the software industry to bar the companies from hiding the free products. 

The IRS Free File website links to the available free products. Each company sets its own eligibility standards based on income, age, and state residency. As long as your adjusted gross income was $69,000 or less, you will find at least one free product to use. There are also two products that are in Spanish.

If you would rather not prepare your own tax return, seniors can use the IRS’s Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) program. The TCE program is available to taxpayers who are 60 years old or older and specializes in answering questions about pensions and retirement plans. 

New Law Makes Big Changes to Retirement Plans

President Trump has signed a spending bill that makes major changes to retirement plans. The new law is designed to provide more incentives to save for retirement, but it may require workers to rethink some of their planning. 

The Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (SECURE) Act changes the law surrounding retirement plans in several ways:

• Stretch IRAS. The biggest change eliminates “stretch” IRAs. Under current law, if you name anyone other than a spouse as the beneficiary of your IRA, the beneficiary can choose to take distributions over his or her lifetime and to pass what is left onto future generations (called the "stretch" option). The required minimum distributions are calculated based on the beneficiary’s life expectancy. This allows the money to grow tax-deferred over the course of the beneficiary’s life and to be passed on to his or her own beneficiaries. The SECURE Act requires beneficiaries of an IRA to withdraw all the money in the IRA within 10 years of the IRA holder’s death. In many cases, these withdrawals would take place during the beneficiary’s highest tax years, meaning that the elimination of the stretch IRA is effectively a tax increase on many Americans. This provision will apply to those who inherit IRAs starting on January 1, 2020.  
• Required minimum distributions. Under prior law, you have to begin taking distributions from your IRAs beginning when you reach age 70 ½. Under the new law, individuals who are not 70 ½ at the end of 2019 can now wait until age 72 to begin taking distributions. 
• Contributions. The new law allows workers to continue to contribute to an IRA after age 70 ½, which is the same as rules for 401(k)s and Roth IRAs.
• Employers. The tax credit businesses get for starting a retirement plan is increased and the new law makes it easier for small businesses to join multiple-employer plans.
• Annuities. The newly enacted legislation removes roadblocks that made employers wary of including annuities in 401(k) plans by eliminating some of the fiduciary requirements used to vet companies and products before they can be included in a plan.
• Withdrawals. The new law allows an early withdrawal of up to $5,000 from a retirement account without a penalty in the event of the birth of a child or an adoption. Currently, there is a 10 percent penalty for early withdrawals in most circumstances. 

Given these changes, workers need to immediately reevaluate their estate plans. Some people have used stretch IRAs as an estate planning tool to pass assets to their children and grandchildren. One way of doing this has been to name a trust as the IRA’s beneficiary, and these trusts may have to be reformed to conform to the new rules. If a stretch IRA is part of your estate plan, consult with your attorney to determine if you need to make changes.

To read the legislation, click here.  For more on the new law, click here and here.

Five Tips for Starting Retirement Planning in Your 50s

When it comes to retirement planning, many Americans find themselves underprepared. A majority of baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) and Generation X’ers (born between 1965 and 1978) often end up without retirement savings or don’t have realistic expectations about post-retirement costs. According to the Insured Retirement Institute, only 25 percent of boomers are confident of having sufficient savings in retirement. If you are in your 50s and nearing retirement without substantial savings or a plan, don’t despair -- it is never too late to start planning.

Although every working professional should contribute towards retirement from their early days, for various reasons they often delay the process. If you are nearing your 50s without a post-retirement plan and see yourself working for another 10 to 15 years, this is an opportunity to plan judiciously and save for your retirement right away.

Here are five strategic steps for achieving the best retirement plan:

1. Set Specific and Practical Goals

Proper retirement planning begins with setting specific goals. Calculate your current income, total savings, and ongoing investments to understand how much you could save, and be sure to set realistic goals.

While providing for emergency expenses and paying off a mortgage can be your short-term and intermediate goals, saving up for retirement should be your long-term goal. An annual financial review is helpful in evaluating your past goals and understanding your earnings as well as liabilities.

2. Plan a Realistic Budget Focusing on Retirement

Review your monthly and yearly expenses and list the factors that are likely to remain constant for the next few years. Now allocate funds to each category in a way that will allow you to save more for your retirement.

According to financial experts, if you are saving for retirement after 50, it is best to contribute 30 percent of your salary towards this end. If you find that goal difficult to meet, look at your budget list and reduce optional expenses.

3. Pay Off Debts

Paying off debts early will help you meet your retirement budgets and ease the financial burden. According to an AARP report, 44 percent of Americans continue to pay for their home after they retire.

Clearing off outstanding debts, credit card bills, loans, and mortgages will make it much easier to prioritize retirement funds.

4. Invest in Retirement Plans

401(k)s, 403(b)s and IRAs are some of the retirement plans available in the U.S.  While 401(k)s are one of the most popular plans, not all companies offer them and those that do have their own, often restrictive, investment rules. Then there are two types of IRAs:  traditional and Roth IRAs.

To make the best choice among the many retirement plan options, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of IRA vs 401(k), Roth IRA vs 401(k) and other investment alternatives, as well as contribution limits.

5. Diversify Your Investments

Investment diversification will help keep you on a firm financial footing. Do not stash all your money in banks; instead, create an investment portfolio and explore your options.

It is important to diversify and distribute your money among multiple sectors. Considering the volatility of markets, diversification of your investment portfolio safeguards your capital and helps it grow.

It’s Time to Step Up a Gear

A concrete retirement plan with emphasis on savings is essential to ensure a comfortable and healthy post-retirement life. Saving for your retirement is the first priority and the sooner you start, the better your chances of achieving your retirement goals.

Most Are Taking Social Security at the Wrong Time

A new report finds that almost no retirees are making financially optimal decisions about when to take Social Security and are losing out on more than $100,000 per household in the process. The average Social Security recipient would receive 9 percent more income in retirement if they made the financially optimal decision.

When claiming Social Security, you have three options: You may begin taking benefits between age 62 and your full retirement age, you can wait until your full retirement age, or you can delay benefits and take them anytime up until you reach age 70. If you take Social Security between age 62 and your full retirement age, your benefits will be reduced to account for the longer period you will be paid. If you delay taking retirement, depending on when you were born, your eventual benefit will increase by 6 to 8 percent for every year that you delay, in addition to any cost-of-living increases. 

The new report , conducted by United Income, an online investment management and financial planning firm, found that only 4 percent of retirees make the financially optimal decision about when to claim Social Security. Nearly all of the retirees not optimizing their benefits are claiming benefits too early. The study found that 57 percent of retirees would build more wealth if they waited to claim until age 70. However, currently more than 70 percent of retirees claim benefits before their full retirement age. Claiming before full retirement is the financially best option for only 6.5 percent of retirees, according to United Income. 

The consequences of claiming Social Security too early can be big. The report found that collecting benefits at the wrong time causes retirees to collectively lose $3.4 trillion in potential income (an average of $111,000 per household). The report also estimates that elderly poverty could be cut in half if retirees claimed benefits at the financially optimal time. 

One reason most people do not optimize Social Security is because waiting to collect benefits means their overall wealth may fall during their 60s and 70s. They also may not be aware that collecting benefits before full retirement age means that their benefits will be permanently reduced. According to the report’s authors, policy changes are necessary to get retirees to wait to claim benefits. The report recommends that early claiming be made the exception and reserved for those who have a demonstrable need to collect early. Another recommendation is to change the label on early retirement and call it the "minimum benefit age."

Should You Sell Your Life Insurance Policy?

Older Americans with a life insurance policy that they no longer need have the option to sell the policy to investors. These transactions, called "life settlements," can bring in needed cash, but are they a good idea? 

If your children are grown and your mortgage paid off, you may decide that there is no longer a reason to be paying premiums every month for a life insurance policy, or you may reach a time when you can no longer afford to keep up with the premiums. If this happens, you may be tempted to let the policy lapse and get nothing from it or to surrender the policy for its cash value, which usually is a fraction of its death benefit. Another option is a life settlement. This allows you to sell your policy to an investor for an amount that is greater than the cash value, but less than the death benefit. The buyer pays all future premiums and receives the death benefit when you die. 

Life settlements offer seniors a way to get cash to supplement retirement income and help pay for living expenses, health care, or other needed items. They can be a good alternative to surrendering a policy or letting it lapse. But as with any financial transaction, you need to exercise caution. 

The amount you receive from a life settlement depends on your age, your health, and the terms and conditions of the policy. It is hard to determine if you are getting a fair price for the policy because there are no standard guidelines for life settlements. Before selling you should shop around to several life settlement companies. You should also note that the amount you receive will be reduced by transaction fees, which can eat up a good chunk of the proceeds of the sale. In addition, you may have to pay taxes on the lump sum you receive. Finally, the beneficiaries of your policy may not be pleased with the sale, which is why some life settlement companies require beneficiaries to sign off on the transaction.

Before choosing a life settlement, you should consider other options. If you need cash right away, you can borrow against your policy. If the premiums are too much, you may be able to stop premiums and receive a smaller death benefit. In some cases of terminal illness, you can receive an accelerated death benefit (this allows you to receive a portion of your death benefit while you are still alive). If you don't need the cash but no longer want the policy, another possibility is to donate the policy to charity and get a tax write-off. 

To find out the right solution for you, talk to your elder law attorney.

Due Diligence Needed, If Retirement Depends on Inheritance, Selling Business

“I am 60 years old, divorced and have never taken an active interest in my finances. I’ve never worried about saving for retirement. I felt that when I retired, I’d be able to sell my business and that along with the inheritance I would receive from my parents, I would be in good shape.”

The first sentence in this article from Hometown Life, “Playing off charge card debt a major priority,” tells the entire story: “I…have never taken an active interest in my finances.” The person never had his business evaluated by a professional and learned at age 60 that his business had no resale value. In addition, he learned that his parents were supporting a sister and any inheritance he was anticipating would not be enough to live on.

Making matters worse, he has more than $80,000 in credit card debt on various cards, at interest rates between 18% and 21%. With next to no equity in his home and a home equity loan and a mortgage, this person has only one asset: an IRA worth around $100,000.

At some point in their lives, most people realize that they must be active participants in their financial lives. They need a budget to contain spending and a savings plan, so they can enjoy their retirement and control of their credit card debt. It sounds like this man just got a wake-up call.

He wonders how to resolve his credit card debt, but it seems there are a number of other issues that need to be addressed.

First, he should pay off his credit card debt. At 18% to 21%, there is no investment he could make that would come near that rate. One way to do this, is to increase his monthly payments. It may take many years to knock down such a large debt, so another option is to use his IRA to pay off the money immediately.

Equally important is for him to commit to use the money he would have otherwise used to pay off credit card debt and invest that into a retirement fund. It doesn’t matter if he uses an IRA, a SEP or a Roth, but he needs to be disciplined and start putting money away for his retirement.

Potential inheritances are troublesome for people who count their chickens before they hatch. Until the inheritance is safely in your own bank account, you cannot count on it. In a time where living expenses are high and people are living longer, fewer and fewer people are expecting to receive inheritances. Basing a lifestyle around an expected inheritance, can only lead to financial disaster.

Preparing for retirement and taking an active role in managing your finances, is a life-long task and part of our responsibility as adults. Another responsibility is to have an estate plan in place, so even people who die in debt, can be assured that what assets they do have will go to their heirs.

Reference: Hometown Life (March 3, 2019) “Playing off charge card debt a major priority”

How Working and Taking Social Security Benefits Works Or Doesn’t (中英對照)

“Taking Social Security while still working, may sound like a good way to boost your income while you prepare for your impending retirement, but this strategy can have unexpected costs.”

It seems too good to be true — the idea of working at your regular job, receiving your regular salary and giving yourself a little extra income by applying for Social Security benefits at the same time. However, as explained by the article “Working and Taking Social Security at the Same Time? Watch Out for This” from Yahoo! Finance, there are some real pitfalls to doing this, unless you are very careful.

If you are under your Full Retirement Age (FRA), which depends on when you were born, the government may reduce your benefits, if your paycheck exceeds certain thresholds. This is formally known as the Social Security Earnings Test. You’ll need to work all the numbers to see if this strategy might work for you. Don’t expect it to, by the way, because that’s not what Social Security is all about.

The Social Security Earnings Test calculates how much you will lose in Social Security benefits, if you are under your FRA and if you’re earning over a certain amount every year from a paycheck. In 2019, that limit is $17,640. Note that this only applies to earned income. It does not apply to any other government benefits, investment earnings or pension income. For every $2 you earn more than $17,640 in 2019, the SSA (Social Security Administration) deducts $1 from your monthly benefit.

Let’s say you are entitled to a $1,000 benefit every month ($12,000 per year) and you also earn $2,400 from your job. You’ll lose $3,180 in benefits and you’ll get only $8,820 for the year.

The numbers are a little different, if you are reaching your FRA at some point during 2019. The 2019 earnings limit when a person has reached FRA is a lot larger at $46,920, instead of $17,640. In this case, for every $3 you earn over the limit, the SSA will reduce benefits by $1.

Here’s the sweet spot: as soon as you hit your FRA, the rules no longer apply, and you can earn as much as you can. The SSA won’t take deductions from your paychecks.

There is a Retirement Earnings Test Calculator on the Social Security website. You must enter your date of birth, estimated earnings and your estimated Social Security benefit. It will provide further information on how earnings will be calculated.

If you are counting on Social Security for most of your living expenses during retirement, consider working longer, at the very least until you reach your FRA. You can also keep working full-time and delay taking Social Security benefits, so when you do start getting that monthly benefit it will be bigger.

For every month you delay taking Social Security beyond your 62^nd birthday, benefits increase by 2/3 of 1%. You’ll reach 100% of your benefits at FRA, and if you can keep delaying benefits until age 70, benefits increase by a significant amount: 132% if your FRA is 66, or 124% if your FRA is 67.

Reference: Yahoo! Finance (Feb. 25, 2019) “Working and Taking Social Security at the Same Time? Watch Out for This”

工作同時領取社會安全金是可行還是不可行

“在你還在工作的同時領取社會安全金，可能聽起來像是一種為你將來退休做準備同時增加收入的好方法，但這方法會產生意想不到的代價。”

申請社會保障福利同時有正規工作，領取正常工資和給自己一點額外收入的想法似乎好得令人難以置信。但是，正如來自雅虎財務文章“Working and Taking Social Security at the Same Time? Watch Out for This” ，這樣做有一些陷阱，除非你非常小心。

如果您還未達到完全退休年齡（FRA），這取決於您出生的時間，如果您的薪水超過特定門檻，政府可能會減少您的福利。這正式稱為社會保障收入測試。您需要小心計算所有數字，看看這個策略是否適合您。順便說一句，不要期望，因為這不是社會保障的原意。

如果您在完全退休年齡下, 並且每年從薪水中獲得超過一定數額的收入。社會保障收入測試計算您在社會保障福利中將損失多少。在2019年，該限額為17,640美元。請注意，這僅適用於賺取的收入。它不適用於任何其他政府福利，投資收益或養老金收入。您在2019年的收入如超過17,640美元，每多2美元, SSA（社會保障管理局）將從您的每月福利中扣除1美元。

假設您每月獲得1,000美元的福利（每年12,000美元），同時您工作收入為2,400美元。你將損失3,180美元的福利金，而今年你只能獲得8,820美元。

如果您在2019年的某個時間到了您的完全退休年齡，那麼這些數字會略有不同。當一個人於2019年達到完全退休年齡時，2019年的收入限額便會提高到46,920美元，而不是17,640美元。在這種情況下，若超過限額, 每多3美元社會保障管理局將扣除1美元的福利金。

亮點在這裡：只要到達您的完全退休年齡，規則就不再適用，你可以盡可能賺到盡。社會保障管理局不會從您的薪水中扣除。

社會安全局網站上有一個退休收入測試計算器。您必須輸入您的出生日期，估計收入和您估計的社會安全金。它將提供有關如何計算收入的更多資訊。

如果您在退休期間依靠社會安全金來支付大部分生活費，請考慮延長工作時間，至少到達您的完全退休年齡。您還可以繼續全職工作並延遲享有社會保障福利，這樣當您開始領取每月福利時，它會更多。

在您62歲以後, 您每推遲一個月去領取社會安全金，福利便會以百分之一的三分之二增長。您將在您到達完全退休年齡, 您會獲得全額福利，如果您延遲享有社會保障福利直到70歲，福利將大幅增加 : 132% 如果您的完全退休年齡是66歲或124% 如果您的完全退休年齡是67歲。

參考: Yahoo! Finance (Feb. 25, 2019) “Working and Taking Social Security at the Same Time? Watch Out for This”

Tips to Boost Your Tax-Free Income in Retirement

“Although workers are told to put every spare pre-tax cent into a traditional 401(k) at work, the reality is that once the time comes to tap that account for income in retirement, income taxes will follow.”

There is a bright side to the income taxes that will follow you into retirement. Create a pool of tax-free income, advises CNBC, by following the advice in the article “3 tips to help boost your tax-free income in retirement.”

Introduce yourself to the Roth IRA and the Roth 401(k). Unlike a traditional IRA, with a Roth IRA you pay taxes when you make your contribution to the account. The funds then grow tax-free over time and, as long as you meet certain conditions, there are no taxes on withdrawals. With a Roth IRA, there are none of those pesky RMDs (Required Minimum Distributions). However, there are withdrawal distribution requirements for a Roth (401)k.

Most employers offer Roth IRA and Roth 401(k) accounts, so there’s a good chance they are offered by your employer.

Roth IRAs are often offered along with their counterpart, the traditional 401(k). Between the two of them, it’s possible to save as much as $19,000 in 2019. For those workers who are 50 and over, you can add $6,000 as a catch-up contribution.

The power of the Roth 401(k) is the tax-free compounding that takes place over time. Don’t miss out on this, if you want to max out your tax-free savings.

There are two different types of Roth plans: the Roth 401(k) and a Roth IRA. Roth IRA plans have income limits. If your modified AGI (Adjusted Gross Income) is more than $137,000 for a single and $203,000 for a couple filing jointly, you aren’t allowed to make a direct contribution to a Roth IRA. However, there are no income caps for Roth (401)k. You can also save more for retirement in a Roth 401(k), compared to a Roth IRA. Roth IRAs are also subject to annual contribution limits: $6,000 in 2019, plus a $1,000 catch-up contribution, if you are over age 50.

Here are three steps to make your retirement savings more tax free:

Can you do an in-plan conversion? If your employer offers a Roth 401(k), you may be able to convert some of your traditional 401(k) savings to the Roth. This is called an in-plan Roth conversion. Just like a direct contribution to a Roth 401(k), it will be taxable. Therefore, make sure that you run the numbers before moving funds. You’ll be responsible for taxes on pretax principal and earnings. Don’t do it all at once, so that you don’t find yourself moved into a higher tax bracket.

What does your plan allow? If you’ve left your employer and have money in both a traditional 401(k) and a Roth (401)k, you might want to convert those accounts — if your retirement plan allows it.  Remember that you may not write a check from an outside bank account to add after-tax money to a Roth 401(k).

What’s your time-frame? Just as young workers are in the best position to save early and often, they are also in the best position to make the most out of Roth savings accounts of all types. It’s likely that younger workers have not yet reached their full career and earnings stage, so now is the best time to put money into a Roth 401(k). When incomes are higher, so will taxes on Roth retirement account contributions. If you’re close to retirement, there are other timing factors to consider, primarily Medicare. How much you pay for Medicare Part B and D, which covers doctor’s visits and prescription drugs, depends upon your modified gross income from two years ago. Do the conversion to a Roth at age 62, if you intend to file for Medicare at age 65.

Reference: CNBC (Feb. 10, 2019) “3 tips to help boost your tax-free income in retirement”

 

Planning for Three Financial Phases of Retirement: Spending Down, Final Spending and Legacy

“The knowledge required to effectively manage financial assets in the accumulation phase is not sufficient to carry clients through the remaining stages. What follows is the knowledge needed to give your clients the greatest chance of achieving life and financial goals, as they pass through the various other stages.”

In pre-retirement earning years, all our attention is focused on accumulating assets. However, the information you need during the accumulation years is different than for the remaining years, according to a useful article from Financial Advisor titled “A Successful And Secure Retirement—Spend-Down Strategies: Part 1.”

The biggest difference in the strategies during the accumulation and withdrawal strategies, is that there’s a greater emphasis on long-term tax planning. Taxes are often the single biggest expense for investors. To make sure that you meet your goals, which includes having the IRS take the smallest piece of your assets, a plan must be created to focus on paying the least amount in taxes, while you are alive and even after you have passed.

The first phase of decumulation, which occurs at different times for different people (and for some people, never occurs) usually comes with a low tax rate. It often starts with retirement, when the paychecks are not coming in and, ideally, you are not yet drawing Social Security or pension benefits. This would allow your Social Security benefits to continue to grow and keep you in a low tax bracket.

The spend-down phase begins, when you start taking withdrawals from tax deferred retirement accounts. This typically starts the year you turn 70½ and start taking RMDs (Required Minimum Distributions). This is the time to be careful, since your tax rate will likely jump up from the amount it was when you were not yet taking RMDs or getting Social Security or pension benefits. The goal is to manage your retirement income, in order to minimize taxes.

The final-spending phase begins all too soon, especially when medical costs and long-term care costs increase dramatically. Given their tax deductibility, as things currently stand, this may provide another period with very low tax rates.

The legacy phase begins upon your death, or on the death of the surviving spouse. The goal is the tax efficient transfer of remaining wealth to heirs and charities and preparing heirs for the assets they will inherit. An estate plan should be in place long before this phase is reached, so that your assets are passed seamlessly to family members and charities.

As a person moves through these stages of post-retirement spending, there are many strategies that can be used to minimize tax liability and maximize the growth of assets. A balance must be found between spending, managing tax burdens and preparing for a legacy.

Speak with your estate planning attorney, who can help you navigate tax planning.

Reference: Financial Advisor (Jan. 21, 2019) “A Successful And Secure Retirement—Spend-Down Strategies: Part 1”