Fong Law Group

Without a Plan, Your Estate Could be at Risk 沒有計劃，您的資產可能會面臨風險 (中英對照)

“Although the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the risk of estate tax liability exposure for 99% of the estates, your estate is still at risk.”

The unknown events of life include financial perils. They don’t disappear just because you try to ignore them. There are more threats to your financial future and personal health than an estate tax, says Newsmax Finance in its article “Your Estate is at Risk.” There is also legal liability, which is a commonplace event in our increasingly litigious society.

For many people, the first experience with litigation is a divorce. Even in the best of circumstances, it’s a difficult situation. In a bad situation, it’s a nightmare for all concerned. What would happen if you became disabled? It’s more likely that someone will become disabled during the course of their life than that they will die prematurely.

Do you have a health care power of attorney, so someone you trust is empowered to make decisions on your behalf if you became disabled? What about a durable power of attorney so a person you trust, who also has some financial savvy, can take over for you if you can’t do things, like pay bills or manage your business?

If you don’t have these documents in place, a court-appointed person will be assigned as your guardian. That is not something you want to happen.

If you’ve created a private business, you also need to plan for succession. Too many business owners let their businesses die along with them, leaving families, employees and clients stranded. Transitioning a business for succession or to be managed in your absence takes planning.

All of these issues can be dealt with in an estate plan, which you should have created for you by an estate planning attorney. The attorney should be someone you trust, who has experience helping people with the same challenges as your situation, whether that’s a blended family or a privately held family business.

Estate planning attorneys know how to use certain methods to help individuals and families make the most of their assets, limit their tax liabilities and plan for the future. There are many different tools available, from different types of trusts to the basics, like a will, power of attorney, and health care power of attorney, to make sure you and your family have the correct protection in place.

Going through the estate planning process is a useful experience, since it gives you and your spouse a chance to review your life’s accomplishments from a long-term perspective, prepare for events like retirement or funding a child or grandchild’s college education and taking care of this important element of adulthood.

Reference: Newsmax Finance (Jan. 14, 2019) “Your Estate is at Risk”

“儘管2017年的減稅和就業法消除了99％的徵收遺產稅責任的風險，但您的資產仍處於風險之中。”

未知的事包括財務危機。它們不會因你試圖忽略而消失。 Newsmax Finance在其文章“Your Estate is at Risk.”表示，您將來的財政和個人健康比遺產稅的威脅更大。還有法律責任，這在我們訴訟日益增加的社會中是一件很普遍的事。

對很多人來說，第一次訴訟經歷就是離婚。即使在最好的情況下，這仍是一個困擾。在糟糕的情況下，這對所有有關的人來說都是一場噩夢。如果你成為殘疾人士會怎麼樣？更有可能的是，有些人在他們一生中會變成殘疾，而不是他們過早去世。

您是否擁有醫療授權書，如果您成為殘疾人士，您信任的人是否有權代表您做出決定？您是否擁有一份財務授權書讓您信任的人可以在您失去能力做某些事情，比如支付賬單或管理您的財務時為您處理？

如果您沒有這些文件，法庭可指定某人為您的監護人。這是你不想要發生的事情。

如果您已成立了私人業務，您還需要計劃繼任問題。太多企業擁有人讓他們的企業跟他們同去，使家庭，員工和客人陷入困境。透過規劃繼任在您缺席的情況下業務仍得以營運。

所有這些問題都可以在資產計劃中處理，您應該找資產規劃律師為您成立資產計劃。律師應該是您信任的人，而富有經驗幫助跟您情況相似的人，無論是混合家庭還是家族企業。

資產規劃律師知道使用哪些方案去幫助個人及家庭如何充分利用其資產，減輕稅務負擔並規劃將來。有許多不同的文件可供選擇，從不同類型的信託到基本的如遺囑，財務授權書和醫療授權書，以確保您和您的家人得到適當的保障。

規劃資產這過程是有用的體驗，因為通過規劃資產可讓您和您的配偶有機會對您們的生活從長計議，為退休或資助子女或孫兒的大學教育等事情做好準備。這是作為成年人需要做的重要事情。

參考:Newsmax Finance (Jan. 14, 2019) “Your Estate is at Risk”

Make Your Retirement Dreams Come True

“While a retirement wish list might include roaming the world or pursuing a luxurious hobby, the daily realities of paying off a mortgage or funding a child’s education can make it tough to save.”

Moving from general concepts to specific retirement activities you think you’ll want to do during retirement, can help you do a better job of saving and planning, advises U.S. News & World Report in the article “Will You be Able to Afford the Lifestyle of Your Dreams in Retirement?” Increased longevity has made retirement a time to begin anew. This requires a different mindset. Regardless of your retirement dreams, you’ll need more funding for a longer retirement.

Here are some pointers to help get retirement savings on track:

What do you want to do? Vague goals like travel may not motivate your savings. However, if you’ve identified the cost of living in Paris for six months, you’ve got a real concrete goal to work toward. That provides more motivation and helps avoid impulse spending. Get specific: write down what you want to do and start researching what it will cost.

Do a test drive first. If your spouse wants to live in an RV full time, that’s great as long as you do. However, don’t sell the house before testing it out. Try renting an RV and living in it for at least a month. The same is true for living in a house in the woods. Sounds great—but if you’re a city dweller, how will you feel after a few months of living in an isolated spot?

Think about how long you want to work. Many people today work into their late 60s and early 70s. If they have a desk job, and they have reached a certain level of success, there may not need to be a cut-off date for retirement. What about taking more time off for vacations or working part time? Recent studies have shown that working even a few more years, can have a major impact on the quality of your full retirement.

Do the math. Once you have some concrete plans in place, run the numbers. Consider how you might make the money you have last longer. Look at housing prices, if downsizing to a less expensive area is on your list. If you plan on travelling, do you have to stay in five-star hotels, or could you be content with Road Scholar, formerly known as Elderhostels?

Remember to include health care costs. You’ll need to include the cost of medical expenses, including Medicare premiums, deductibles, copays and coinsurance, among other costs. This is especially true, if one or both spouses have any chronic conditions.

Now, what’s your savings plan? Once you have all this information, you’ll be able to determine how much you need to save, each year and each month. When you combine all your retirement income sources, do you have enough to sustain your retirement dreams? Or do you need to adjust your savings?

Reference: U.S. News & World Report (Dec. 19, 2018) “Will You be Able to Afford the Lifestyle of Your Dreams in Retirement?”

Are There Alternatives to Guardianship and Conservatorship?

“Both the guardianship and conservatorship can also take away a person’s right to bring and defend actions in court. There are several other, less intrusive ways to act on behalf of someone with diminished mental or physical capacity.”

Guardianships and conservatorships are used when family members no longer believe their loved ones are able to make decisions or when they are physically incapacitated. A guardianship takes away a person’s right to consent to medical treatment, establish a residence, sign a contract or even to marry. A conservatorship lets the appointee manage their ward’s finances and assets, buy and sell businesses and enter into commercial transactions.

Are there other, less intrusive ways you can act on behalf of someone with diminished mental or physical capabilities? The article “Alternatives to guardianship and conservatorship,” from On Common Ground News, offers some different approaches.

One is a petition for a temporary medical consent guardian. Based on the facts in the petition, the court can determine whether there is cause, to believe the proposed medical consent ward needs a temporary medical consent guardian immediately. This occurs after all the preliminary steps have been taken, which includes a hearing. That temporary guardianship terminates, when either the court removes it, if a permanent guardian is appointed, when the hospitalization or stay in another healthcare facility ends or sixty days after the appointment is made.

An alternative option to conservatorship is the Durable Power of Attorney (DPA), which permits a competent individual to name another person as their legal representative regarding finances and other matters. There can be specific instructions, and this also can include an agent who is named to make health care decisions. A DPA is broader in power than a living will and applies any time the individual becomes incapable of either making or communicating health care decisions on their own behalf.

If you are a resident of Georgia, the state’s Advance Directives for Health Care combines the living will and health care power of attorney into one document. This gives instructions regarding how the person wants medical decisions to be made. Note that every state has its own laws and processes for these documents.

A Special Needs Trust (SNT) is a trust that can be established for a person with a disability and the assets can be used in specific ways. This kind of trust permits a person with a disability to have access to funds that might make them ineligible for certain types of programs funded by the state or federal government. The SNT allows for much more flexibility than a conservatorship and should be considered for a special needs individual first.

There are many different tools to achieve goals in the estate planning attorneys’ tool box. An in-person meeting with an experienced estate planning attorney is the best means of exploring what tools are available and appropriate to your family’s situation.

Reference: On Common Ground News (Nov. 29, 2018) “Alternatives to guardianship and conservatorship”

Heading South after The Holidays? A Few More To-Do’s

“If you find yourself one of the successful snowbirds that we all envy, you may have already begun packing clothes and other necessities. Your car’s oil is likely changed, and you will not pull out of the driveway without a full tank of gas.”

Not everyone travels south for the winter in September. Many like to wait until after the holidays, so they don’t miss out on family gatherings. Then, on New Year’s Day or shortly thereafter, off they go, heading to a warm, sunny climate to enjoy the fruits of their labor.

If that’s your annual schedule, congratulations. However, before you go, advises LimaOhio.com in the article “Extra checklist before heading south for the winter,” make sure you’ve taken care of some personal legal business. It’s just four items—but they are very important tasks for snowbirds.

First, make sure that your general/financial power of attorney and healthcare power of attorney documents have been updated. Does your family have copies of these documents? Or do they have 24/7 access through a portal from your estate planning law firm?

Some law firms provide laminated cards for clients to give to family and friends that gives the holders of the cards access to these powers, while clients are out of town. Others are starting to use encrypted thumb drives, so that clients have documents wherever they go. Make sure you have these documents and that the people who will need them, either have them or can get them in a moment’s notice.

Second, review your living will with your estate planning attorney. Update them, if changes need to be made and get copies to your children and/or friends.

Third, make sure that your last will and testament is updated. Have you had any big changes in your life since the last time it was reviewed? Marriages, deaths, divorces, births and adoptions are the typical “trigger” events that signal a need for review. Who will have that document? If your estate planning attorney maintains original copies for clients, then make sure to have another original on your person or safely secured with a loved one.

Lastly, and this takes a little time but is well worth doing, create a list of all your assets. Make sure they are properly titled for your situation. Should you have all your bank accounts become Payable on Death to your spouse? When was the last time you checked your beneficiary designations? Chances are good there are beneficiary designations on your bank, investment, and retirement accounts and on your life insurance policies. Wherever you have a beneficiary designation, you should also have a contingency beneficiary.

Once you’ve gotten all your estate planning properly addressed, you’ll be able to enjoy the holidays and your warm weather fun, knowing you’ve taken care of these important matters.

Reference: LimaOhio.com (Oct. 13, 2018) “Extra checklist before heading south for the winter”

Keep it All in the Family For Estate Plan Success

“Not only does creating an estate plan force you to confront your own mortality, but it also forces you to decide who gets your assets, whether all heirs should be treated equally and who will play the key roles in settling your estate.”

If estate planning were just about some basic math tasks, people would not put off going to their estate planning attorneys every few years to make sure their estate plan is in order. However,, as accurately described in the article “Estate Planning: A Family Affair” from Kiplinger, this is a highly emotional process.

If it helps to get you to move on this, consider that if you don’t have a will, the decisions about what will happen to your property–and if you are a parent of minor children, what will happen to your kids—will be decided by the laws of your state and the courts. That should be enough to get you to overcome the fear of mortality, that often keeps people from moving their estate planning forward.

Don’t have a will yet? You need to do that right away. If you have an estate plan, but haven’t reviewed it in a while, and your life has become more complex, it’s time for a review. By the way, just because you review your plan, does not necessitate an overhaul. However, laws and lives do change and the same goals your will and estate plan addressed four years or 14 years ago, may not be the same as they are now.

Every five or six years or whenever there is a major change in your life, such as a divorce, inheritance, financial loss, birth or a change in estate laws, it’s time for a review. Reviews should take place more often, when you are in your 50s or 60s. At that time, your assets may have grown, your children may have children of their own and your goals may have changed.

Your focus may have switched from protecting your children in the event of a premature death of a parent, to transferring wealth from one generation to the next.

The large changes to the tax law may mean that you no longer need some of the tax planning strategies you put into place prior to 2017. Several states have made major changes to their own estate tax laws. New Jersey eliminated its estate tax in 2018 and New York boosted its state estate tax exemption to $5.25 million that same year. Delaware eliminated its estate tax at the end of 2017.

One couple looked at their estate plans from almost 20 years ago, before two of their children were even born. They realized that the plan was out of date, their estate had become much larger, more complicated and they wanted to build in significant charitable giving.

The first task: updating their wills, health care proxies and advance directives for end-of-life care. They created a trust that will donate 11% of their estate to a charity that matters to them. Trusts were set up that will pay out a certain percentage to their children at ages 30, 35 and 40, rather than giving their kids lump sums. They set up a plan whereby a trustee has the discretionary ability to make payments for education, health care, emergencies and even a down payment on a house, which will be subtracted from the child’s future distribution.

An additional benefit: Because of their use of trusts, their distribution of assets will be private.

Trusts are considered the “work horses” of estate planning, because they can be used to accomplish so many different tasks within an estate. However, it is important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all trust. An estate planning attorney should review your situation and then will be able to recommend what trusts, if any, will be most useful for you and your family.

Don’t forget to have the talk. Sit down with your family members and tell them, to the extent you are comfortable, what you have decided. You don’t have to discuss numbers. However, your family will appreciate being part of the conversation, so they understand the reasoning behind your decisions.

Make sure the information shared is keyed to your child(s) maturity. Some 18-year-olds are mature enough to understand the impact that an inheritance can have, while some 30-year-olds see a future inheritance as a license to slack off. You know your children best—make thoughtful decisions about how much to tell them and when.

Reference: Kiplinger (Nov. 1, 2018) “Estate Planning: A Family Affair,”

The Retirement Money Question: How Much?

“Most of us vastly underestimate the percentage of income we’ll need. Here’s how to make sure you get that number right.”

This is the question everyone wants to have answered as they save, work and plan for their retirement: How much money will I need, when I finally stop working and retire? The typical approach of asking what percentage of your final salary you’ll need is not quite right, says The Wall Street Journal in the article “How Much Money Will You Really Spend in Retirement? Probably a Lot More Than You Think.”

This is a complex question and one that requires more knowledge than most people have, even professionals. Just imagine the data you need:

• The cost of health care
• How much health care you’ll need
• The health of Social Security
• The rate of inflation
• Your risk tolerance level
• How you want to spend your time during retirement

Try figuring this out on your own. How can you know all or any of these items?

To better understand how people approach this question, hundreds of people were invited to a research lab and asked how much of their salary they thought they would need in retirement. The answer most people gave was about 70%. The people were then asked how they got to that number. The answer, not surprisingly, was they had heard it somewhere.

To dig in deeper, another group of participants was asked specific questions about how they wanted to enjoy their time during retirement. Based on this information, the cost of these activities was calculated and then a calculation was done to find out what percentage of their salary they would need to support the type of life they imagined they would have in retirement.

The answer was 130%. That meant their savings rates would have to double for a successful retirement.

How is this possible? Working is cheap. You’re not spending a lot because you’re busy working. The company pays for your health insurance, life insurance and there’s even a breakroom stocked with great coffee and snacks.

When you retire, you’re spending money you would not be spending while you are working. Two big vacations a year, recreational activities and dining out more all add up quickly. So how can you plan successfully for the retirement lifestyle you want?

Think (realistically) about the costs of the activities you have in mind and get as detailed as you can. Once you know how much you want to spend, add them up. Use a spreadsheet or a notepad, but this exercise will give you more information than the simple conventional wisdom of 70%.

Now that you know how much money your dream retirement will require, start to plan what you need to do to get there or adjust your dream retirement. Work backwards to figure out how much risk you are comfortable with your investment portfolios and how much cutting back you’re willing to do in your pre-retirement life for your dream retirement. It’s better to know, years in advance, than to be brought up short and have your retirement dreams come crashing down.

Reference: The Wall Street Journal (Sep. 3, 2018) “How Much Money Will You Really Spend in Retirement? Probably a Lot More Than You Think”

Think Your Estate Plan is Done? Think Again! 認為您的資產計劃已完成？再想想！(中英對照)

“You have reviewed multiple drafts of your Will, Trust, Living Will and Financial Power of Attorney, attended multiple meetings with your attorney, discussed the final distribution of your assets, selected your Executor and Trustee and finally executed your estate planning documents. So, you must be done, right?”

Putting your estate plan in place is a big first step in the process. However, it is only the first step for many people, according to this article “So You Think You’re Done with Your Estate Plan…” from the National Law Review. Here’s an excellent checklist of items that are commonly overlooked and that can undo all your good efforts.

Beneficiary Designations. These assets generally do not pass through the will, so the beneficiary named receives the asset, whether it’s proceeds from a life insurance policy or the entire contents of your investment accounts. These forms must be prepared and filed with the account custodian or the insurance company, so beneficiaries are properly identified. If you have not looked at these designations for more than a few years, it’s time to look at them again to make sure the ones you originally selected are still the ones you wish to receive your assets.

Trust Funding and Form of Ownership of Assets. You can easily wreck your entire plan by failing to fund trusts or retitle assets. If you’ve executed a Revocable Trust with probate avoidance in mind, for instance, and then fail to fund the trust, your beneficiaries will need to probate your assets. Assets owned jointly with rights of survivorship will not pass according to your will. If your estate plan was done with taxes in mind, you could put the entire plan at risk.

Talking with Family and Trusted Professionals. Having a plan no one in the family knows about, can lead to an estate disaster. Speak with family members, so they know you have an estate plan and who they should be in touch with when the time comes.

Accessibility of Estate Plan and Related Information. If your documents are locked up in a safe deposit box or an encrypted file or secure portal, no one will be able to access them. Your estate planning attorney will be able to advise you, as to the best way to ensure that paper and electronic documents are available to family and fiduciaries when needed. The same holds true for burial and health care instructions. Prepare a list with the contact information of your estate planning attorney, basic information about your assets and other information that will be needed by family and fiduciaries.

Keeping Up with Change. Tax laws change and lives change. If you have been divorced, had a serious illness, or any major change to your assets, you’ll need to speak with your estate planning attorney to see if any of those changes need to be incorporated into your estate plan.

Reference: National Law Review (Oct. 18, 2018) “So You Think You’re Done with Your Estate Plan…”

“您已審閱了您的遺囑，信託，生前遺囑和財務授權書的多份草案及與您的律師多次會面，討論了您的資產的最終如何分配，選擇了您的執行人和受託人，最後簽署了您的資產規劃文件。所以，你一定是已完成了，對不？“

制定資產計劃是這個過程中的第一大步。然而，根據 National Law Review 的這篇文章“So You Think You’re Done with Your Estate Plan…”，這只是許多人的第一步。以下這裡有一個很好的項目清單例出通常被人們忽視的地方，而這些忽視可以抵銷你所有先前的付出。

指定受益人。這些資產通常不會通過遺囑，因此指定受益人在你過世後接收資產，無論是人壽保險還是投資賬戶。這些表格必須填好並提交與賬戶託管人或保險公司，以便正確識別受益人。如果您多年沒有查看這些指定受益人名稱，則需要再次檢查，以確保您最初所選擇的人仍然是您希望獲得你資產的人。

信託基金和資產所有權的形式。如果你沒有把資產注入信託或把資產所有權改寫，你的整個計劃便會輕易地被破壞。例如，您簽好了信託本可以避免遺囑認證，可是你未能為信託注入資產，這樣您的受益人還是需要將您的資產進行遺囑認證。有自動繼承權的資產將不會根據您的遺囑分配。如果您的資產計劃是考慮稅項的情況下而做的，那麼您可能會將整個計劃置於風險之中。

與家人和值得信賴的專業人士交談。制定一個家中沒有人知道的計劃，可能導致財產災難。與家人交談，讓他們知道您有資產計劃，以及到了適當時候他們知道應該跟誰聯繫。

資產計劃可獲性及相關信息。如果您的文件被鎖在保險箱或加密文件或安全平台中，則任何人都無法獲取。您的資產規劃律師能夠為您提供建議，用最好的方式以確保在需要時向家人和受託人提供文書和電子文檔。葬禮和醫療指示也是如此。準備一份包括您的資產規劃律師的聯繫資料清單，有關您資產的基本 資料以及其他家人和受託人需要的資料。

趕上變化。稅法改變和生活改變。如果您已經離婚，患有嚴重疾病，或者您的資產發生任何重大變化，您需要與您的資產規劃律師聯繫，看看您的資產計劃是否有需要作出變更。

參考: National Law Review (Oct. 18, 2018) “So You Think You’re Done with Your Estate Plan…”

Estate Planning Attorney Can Help Deal with Sibling Rivalry 資產規劃律師可以幫助處理兄弟姐妹之間的競爭 (中英對照)

“The problem is that my parents want to designate me as their power of attorney, for both health care and financial decisions, since I live in their community. Unfortunately, my siblings feel slighted.”

The reader who posed this scenario is not alone in facing siblings who live far away but feel like they are not being included in their parent’s plans. For this family, one sibling lives 500 miles away and another lives 800 miles in the opposite direction. The one daughter who lives in the same community is the logical choice for power of attorney. What can be done?

According to the Faribault Daily News article “Attorney can smooth path for families making legal plans,” the problem likely has its roots in sibling rivalry, since it’s an emotional response to a sensible decision.

The parent’s foresight in updating their estate plan and related legal documents is to be congratulated. The one adult child who lives in their community is the best choice for power of attorney for medical and financial decisions, so they can quickly handle an emergency situation.

The parents have assigned the other two adult children as secondary POAs and everyone has already been informed that they will all receive equal shares in the estate. The out-of-town siblings should be happy at how fairly and expeditiously their parents are taking care of in these matters.

Adults need someone to be named to handle health care and financial decisions, if they become incapacitated and need someone else to make decisions. Having a POA puts others in place to take over any tasks. Having a secondary POA designates someone to step in, if the primary is unable to act.

When someone choses a POA because they don’t want to hurt any feelings, the result is often disastrous.

Some states also allow what is known as a “co-agent.” so that decisions are made together. But in an emergency, if the other person is not immediately present and time is an issue, this can lead to critical situations being unresolved.

One way to soften this kind of situation is to have the entire family meet with the estate planning attorney in a family meeting. With a professional who is not emotionally tied to the family dynamics, decisions can be explained, and cooler heads may prevail.

If you’ve been putting off making decisions about your estate plan because of worries about hurt feelings, make an appointment to meet with an estate planning attorney and discuss speak a family meeting. There are few scenarios that experienced estate planning attorneys haven’t seen. They will know how to handle it best, so that your plan is completed, your family is protected and hurt feelings are soothed.

Reference: Faribault Daily News (August 28, 2018) “Attorney can smooth path for families making legal plans”

“問題是，由於我住在父母的社區，他們希望將我指定為他們的醫療保健和財務決策的代理人。不幸的是，我的兄弟姐妹感到被忽略。”

提出這種情況的讀者並不是唯一一個有居住在遠方的兄弟姐妹，因為他們覺得沒有被納入在父母的計劃中，而感到受忽略。對於這個家庭來說，一個子女住在500英里外，另一個住在800英里的相反方向。住在同一社區的女兒是授權書代理人的合理選擇。還有些什麼可以做？

根據法裡博日報的文章 “Attorney can smooth path for families making legal plans,” (律師可以為家庭製定法律計劃) 這個問題可能源於兄弟姐妹之間的競爭，因為這是對明智決定的情緒反應。

要祝賀父母及時更新其資產計劃及相關法律文件。和父母一起生活在社區中成年子女是獲得醫療和經濟決策授權的最佳選擇，因此他們可以快速處理緊急情況。

父母已將另外兩名成年子女分配為後備代理人，並且每個人都已被告知他們將全部獲得遺產的平等份額。外地的兄弟姐妹應該對他們的父母公平地和迅速地處理這些問題感到高興。

成人需要有人來處理醫療保健和財務決策，如果他們變得無行動能力並需要其他人做出決定。授權書可以讓其他人接管任何工作。如果主要代理人無法採取行動，則後備代理人可補上。

代理人的決定是基於不想傷害別人的感情，結果往往是很嚴重的。

一些州還允許所謂的“共同代理人”，他們要一起做出決策。但在緊急情況下，如果另一個代理人沒有立即出現並且時間緊迫，這可能導致危急情況無法解決。

緩解這種情況的一種方法是讓所有家人與資產規劃律師見面。如果專業人士在情感上並沒有參與家庭糾紛，那麼就可以解釋決策，而人們的情緒便會冷靜下來。

如果您因為擔心傷害感情而一直在推遲對您的資產計劃做出決定，請預約與資產規劃律師會面。有經驗豐富的資產規劃律師見過各種場面。他們將知道如何最好地處理，以便您的計劃完成，幫助您的家人受到保護，受傷害的感情得到安慰。

參考: Faribault Daily News (August 28, 2018) “Attorney can smooth path for families making legal plans”